¡CHILE DESPERTÓ!
Chile Woke Up!
Soooo…this has been an interesting month and a half.
For those of you who haven’t been keeping up with your Chilean news (no surprise, it’s one of those places that you may have heard of, but only in passing), Chile has been in a major state of social unrest since October 18th. You might be thinking: “but South America is known for unrest, what’s the big deal?” Well, the truth is, up until recently, Chile has been known as one of the most economically stable countries in Latin America. Even so, Chile has a historical identity centered on marching and protesting for change when they get fed up with the bad in their country; they fight to transform their identity as a nation to something better for all of their people (Hall, 1996).
It probably would have made more sense to write linked daily/weekly posts about this, but considering that I haven’t posted anything since the dawn of time, it’s better that I just make it one condensed post. Also, I will translate this to Spanish and turn it in as a final paper for my literature class. Oh goodie! If you want to read this in Spanish, click this link.
Keep in mind that this was an ambitious undertaking in which I read a LOT of articles and got a lot of people’s opinions, so it might be a bit of a mess. And, taking into account that I have to somehow integrate literary articles and such to comply with my prof’s rubric, this will be quite an unusual read.
UPDATE: friends, apparently I got the due date wrong, and it was actually due several days ago. I thought I had almost a month to do this, RIP. This might end up being a bit of a rushed work, but don’t we all do our best work when stressed?
Here’s a rundown of the timeline of this social movement (keep in mind, these dates might be approximate):
On Sunday October 6th there was a $30clp fare-hike for access to the metro. This was the second fare-hike of the year, bringing each ride to about $1.17usd. For many Chilean families who make only about $800usd/month, transportation already costs about 1/5 of their income, because a huge majority relies on the metro to get anywhere (statistics from a New York Times article). I only heard about this price-change in passing and it didn’t really affect me so I didn’t give it a second thought, something that, looking back, shows my own privilege. I also later learned that this price-hike came only weeks after a 10% raise in electricity bills (thank you Bloomberg article).
High schoolers began dodging the fares of public transport in a nonverbal protest of high transport costs. I had no idea this was happening; I’ve only ever not paid the micro fee once and I felt so horrible about it that I’ve never done it again.
On Friday October 18th the protests exploded from small-scale high school oriented events to demonstrations on massive scales all over the city that included setting fires to metro stations and looting of supermarkets (saqueos).
I had no idea anything was happening until one of my housemates came in and told us to turn on the news. The whole house hunkered down together in the living room, everyone receiving worried messages from friends and recounting what they were seeing on social media. One of my Chilean friends told me the city was shutting off water and electricity in some sectors; when I told my mom, she said I should start filling the bathtub, and every pot available, with water.
According to a New York Times (NYT) article, (which admittedly may not be super accurate because there has been some evidence of officials not allowing accurate information out of the country. My dad messaged me “Huh. I just listened to the entirety of the US and World news headlines on NPR….Nothing on Chile.”), this same night “more than 300 people were arrested and 156 officers and 20 civilians were wounded”, and around 74 metro stations had been damaged. I’ve got to say that it is very doubtful that so few civilians were wounded when that many officers were injured, and I say this because I could see and hear the violence in the streets, and much of that was officers shooting guns at protesters. Also, I saw videos of the police and military starting fires to try to make it look like the protesters were more violent than they actually were, so that they could justify cracking down harder. This seems absurd to me…those people are supposed to be out protecting the civilians!
On the topic of doubting news sources, Fake News is NOT just a thing in the US!! In the little gallery below, find some posters on how to identify fake news! A favorite news source for young Chileans is @PiensaPrensa.
On Saturday October 19th, using the words “We are in a war against a powerful enemy,” the Chilean president, Sebastian Piñera, called a State of Emergency in Santiago, which reduces peoples’ legal ability to gather in groups, and allows the military to take charge, exercise increased punishments on civilians, and instill a citywide curfew (toque de queda) starting very early in the afternoon and ending pretty late in the morning for people who work or have classes. He also suspended the metro fare-hikes. I’ve also got to say that my first thought when I saw what Piñera said, was wrong move, bro–like, you cannot, Can Not, say words like that if you don’t want to start a civil war. But, what do I know. I’m not a politician.
According to that same NYT article about 8,000 troops were deployed, including tanks, something that hadn’t been seen since Chile’s 17-year military dictatorship (that started by a military coup that took President Salvador Allende from power and placed General Augustus Pinochet on the proverbial throne) that ended in 1990.
In my literature class we had a read an essay (really a fancy blog post) by a person called Héctor Schmucler about memory of the Chilean dictatorship. He begins this essay saying “Cuando en nuestro país hablamos de memoria, de inmediato aparece la idea de la muerte. Y cuando la muerte no es sólo un dato estadístico sino una cicatriz en nuestro propio cuerpo, el distanciamiento resulta imposible. Quienes hemos sido habitantes y militantes de los tiempos que abarca nuestra común memoria, lo que podemos contemplar y sentir en nuestro vivir presente resulta inseparable de lo que hicimos o de lo que dejamos de hacer en aquel pasado. La distancia no se me hace posible. Somos, al menos los que me acompañan generacionalmente en una amplia gama de años, lo que hemos contribuido a hacer. Para los que han vivido una época no hay amnistía; es decir, no hay olvido, porque el olvido no se puede imponer a nuestros espíritus. La amnistía, al fin y al cabo, no es más que eso: un olvido impuesto” (Schmucler, 2007).
I can’t even imagine what kind of horrible memories the military in the streets must have dredged up for all of the people over 30 years old who had lived through the dictatorship. Because, as Schmucler said, you can’t really forget the scars that your past has left on your memory.
That day my mom told me to pack a go-bag: “Get your passport and backpack ready with essentials and food and warm clothes in case they evacuate your building”; this bag also included a charged headlamp, water, and extra battery for my phone and a wad of US dollars and Chilean pesos. I also sent an email to the US Embassy asking for advice on what we should do, and when I didn’t get a response, I even called their emergency number and a Sergeant Johnson answered and told me to check out their facebook page for updates (there were no updates). I didn’t leave the house this day. Neither did anyone else. I was very worried, bordering on afraid.
I honestly think it was a bad move on Piñera’s part to bring out violent repression tactics. Not only is violence rarely the answer, but also if Piñera ever wanted to be remembered fondly by history, he should not have involved the military. Within the first couple days there were already many instances of “excessive force and sexual harassment by security forces” reported by Chile’s National Human Rights Institute (El Mostrador). Many Chileans were against the government’s actions, including the Metro Worker’s Syndicate who reportedly tweeted “Condenamos el no actuar del Gobierno que solo enfoca su discurso en represión y no en solución” (“We condemn the Government’s failure to act, which only focuses its discourse on repression and not on a solution”).
On Sunday October 20th the protests began to spread to other cities, a huge indication that the movement was not simply related to metro costs, because many of those cities do not have a subway system. People disregarded the commands of the president and gathered in the streets to make noise in protest of everything from the rising cost of living, costly utilities and miserable pensions, to low wages, deficient health care systems and poor educational systems. One of my favorite quotes from a protester’s sign is “It’s not $30, its 30 years”.
Really, the fare-hike was the straw that broke the camel’s back, or la gota que rompió el vaso, as Chileans say. As Marta Lagos, the director of the polling firm Latinobarometro said in an interview with the NYT, “This is the beginning of something, not the end. People are realizing they have power over the government, and they can paralyze Santiago. This is the closest thing to a citizen revolution, but it has no leadership, no one to negotiate with,” something that will make Piñera’s job considerably more difficult as our timeline progresses because even though he attempts concessions and progress, there is no leader to tell the protesters ‘hey, we got what we wanted, go home.’ Lago said in an interview with AP News “There is a failure of the system of political parties in its ability to represent society.”
Piñera responded to the spreading protests by bringing the military and curfews to many cities and regions all over the country.
Protesters banged pots and pans in demonstrations rightly called cacerolazos, flooding the streets in such a way that kept business owners from opening their shops. Some of my friends joined in (a lot of them actually), banging pots into dented hunks of metal and breaking spoons left and right.
Other citizens (myself included) lined up outside markets in quieter neighborhoods to buy as much water, nonperishable food and fuel as they could in case things really started going south. Rita and I actually wandered around our whole neighborhood looking for any shops that were open so we could restock our empty pantries; we found a total of 0 supermarkets open, but a couple family owned shops that had produce and other basics (think, rice) were still open during the early afternoon.
On Monday October 21st, my university, La Católica, tried to reopen. They shut campuses back down within hours because students started protesting on campus and the police came and gassed them all with their ‘huemul‘ (a tank with a water canon) and ‘zorrillo‘ (a tank that shoots tear gas), yelling over a megaphone: “Hola chicos, les saludo el zorrillo” (Hey kids, the skunk says hi). I learned that this is a HUGE deal, because campuses are supposed to be safe spaces for students to demonstrate, especially after the dictatorship ended.
At some point early in the whole process, the US raised the travel advisory for Chile to level 2, ‘Exercise Increased Caution’, but other countries like Austria raised their travel advisory to level 5, which a friend told me was ‘somewhere on the verge of civil war’. She, like many others, returned home to their own countries for fear of their own safety.
On Wednesday October 23rd Piñera apologized and proposed an increase in the lowest monthly pensions, a raise in monthly minimum wage, and an increased wealth tax for those making over $11,000usd/month (The Guardian).
Transportation pretty much shut down for a couple days. All the metro lines were closed for a bit with burned trains and tunnels and stations. People were trapped in the airport and unable to take buses across the borders.
After the first couple days, the protests started getting more peaceful, even as they grew in size, coming to a head on Friday October 25th when over one million protesters marched more or less peacefully in Plaza Italia, Santiago, something like 5% of the country’s population, and over a million more marched throughout the rest of the country, potentially the largest demonstration in the history of Chile (Financial Times). Let me tell you, that is a lot of people.
On the same day, I had (sadly) left for Argentina to meet up with my mom! We had a lovely time in Buenos Aires, Iguazú and Bariloche, but I only heard from afar about the impressive turnout for the protests in Chile. We actually got to experience an interesting political situation in Argentina, too: the elections (mom of course was worried that people would break out into riots there too, but we were chillin). Every day mom would try some new way to convince me I should leave South America and go home with her; when we met two Chilean women, they completely backed my mother up in telling me I should get out of Chile.
After the 25th, protests continued but every day brought fewer and fewer people to the streets. I am not sure how much this decrease has to do with Piñera making a bunch of changes and how much was just people being tired and not wanting to get fired. I know for a fact that some bosses weren’t nearly as forgiving as others towards employees affected by the protests: my Dutch friend Greg got fired for leaving work early because he felt unsafe walking home after dark when the military were shooting people in the streets along his path home.
On Saturday October 26 Piñera removed the curfew from the country. It hadn’t really been working anyway, I have two friends who would intentionally take a walk around midnight just to live on the wild side, and of course there were so many protesters out after curfew. Although this was a terrifying situation and I was basically hiding inside with my housemates for the first week as the world burned, smelling the tear gas (lacrimogenas) and hearing the gun shots from outside, people got so bored so quickly. They felt cooped up and couldn’t seem to stay away from the excitement.
Piñera also asked all of his cabinet members the resign (CNN). You read that correctly. No, it didn’t work. I laughed too.
Between October 28 and November 22nd the United Nations had a team based in Santiago to look into allegations of human rights violations. One of the major causes for concern was the high rate of eye injuries, the highest rate in recorded history anywhere in the world. There were even intentional under-reportings of the numbers of people injured (The Guardian).
Human rights are a set of inherent rights that belong to all human beings simply for being human, and are protected by the State or other institutional group (Taleva, 2004). There is a very large list of human rights established by the United Nations, but some of the more relevant to this movement include the rights to: life (right to not be murdered); personal integrity (right to not be tortured); right of assembly; personal freedom; and the protection of honor and dignity, which is the right not to be attacked in personal life (Taleva, 2004). Knowing what we know do about human rights and their violations, I wonder why the UN hasn’t come to the US to check out some of the horrible things the Trump administration is doing to children, adults and families along the Mexican border???
Another thing people were worrying about was the lack of medical supplies available: there were so many new injuries and not enough resupplies in public hospitals. This appears to be in part due to a classist attitude towards working class people, as seen in reactions of government higher ups such as the minister of economy who told citizens that they could just wake up earlier to avoid raised metro costs (Bloomberg), or the health minister who mocked the protest on public television (The Guardian), or the finance minister who seemed far more focused on the lower projection for economic growth in 2019, than on the people’s movement right in front of him (Time).
Monday October 28th they tried to open campuses again. By this time, other schools like La Chile had said they’d try to open again after the new year.
On Wednesday October 31st, Piñera cancelled two international summits, the Asia-Pacific trade forum and the UN climate summit, that were supposed to happen in November and December respectively, stating that he had to focus on the social movement at home, and that he could not guarantee the safety of foreign leaders (NPR). Greta Thunberg, the young Swedish environmental activist (who I had last heard was on a boat from Europe to South America) tweeted “A beautiful sight. My thoughts are with the people of Chile” (Financial Times).
Trying to get back to my home in Providencia on Monday November 4th (from Argentina) was a nightmare 🙁 I took a shared Transvip (a transfer service) and the driver tried to drop me off first but to do so from the airport you have to cross the Río Mapocho near Plaza Italia where all the major protesting was happening. When he turned to cross the bridge there were fires in the street and hundreds of people yelling and tear gas flying everywhere. Needless to say, he ended up dropping everyone else off first and two hours later he circled the protests and finally got me home after 01:00.
One of these days I did actually attend a protest, out of curiosity.
They tried to open campus again every Monday for a couple weeks, and it took awhile for them to be able to keep it open all day Monday, and then all day Tuesday. Eventually they were able to keep campus open, but they’d pretty much already decided to let the facultades decide to stay on strike or do finals at home. The week of November 18th was the first week since the protests started that all of my classes met, and the last one. Some of my classes continued with informal meetings, but the rest just said ciao.
Every day a new layer of graffiti (and street art) was added to walls all over the city, increasing in quantity the closer you are to the main protest sites. We could actually see a lot of references to US protest symbols like ACAB (All Cops Are Bastards) and 1312. There are so many eyes, bleeding eyes, all over the city, on posters and painted on walls and trashcans; I honestly think this is super cool because it very much mirrors the reality we are seeing with so many people walking around with eyepatches and bandages. There is also a lot of violence written all around with words like death, assassinate and fire everywhere you look. I saw at least 6 different ways to write culiado, a word that basically means fucker: culiao, clo, qlo, quloa, klo.
At last count (that I could find) there were 20 dead, 20,000 soldiers had been deployed to patrol the country, 473 people were injured, 7,166 detained, 2,037 imprisoned, and the media was heavily censoring content (Xinhuanet; The Guardian). I am sure there was a lot of mental trauma too, to protesters and other citizens, even tourists caught in the middle: one of my Chilean friends, Maca, told me that “In almost 2 months I’ve gone out like seven or less times and now whenever I try to go out I have panic attacks.”
I walked through Plaza Italia the other day just to check it out in the aftermath. Anything even remotely moveable had been removed and burned or thrown or just torn down (and I mean, if it had screws attaching it to the ground, it was still removable…think street signs, electrical poles, trashcans and landscaping rocks). There was lingering tear gas in the air, all the grass was crushed and dead, everything coated in graffiti. In the streets the callajeros were selling gas masks and ski goggles, flags and handkerchiefs for protesters.
The Chicago Boys
Something new that I learned while writing this post was how Chile’s economy came to be the way it is today.
So apparently (though not surprisingly, at least from a US point of view), the big corps are the biggest winners in the current economic system, and “60 percent of workers are below the poverty line” and basically nobody cares because they see the country’s overall economic ‘growth’ and see that as a success. This is a quality of the neoliberal economic model, put in place by the Pinochet regime, that benefits the rich through private-public health and education systems, and privatizes most resources and social services (Time).
If you watch the movie “El Ladrillo” (the brick), you can actually learn a good bit about the whole process. I did, for my Chilean cinema class, and whoo-boy. Basically Pinochet took power and didn’t really have plans for an economic system for his new country so he talked to some economics professors who had studied abroad in Chicago, IL and brought back new ways of thinking. These guys, on a whim, came up with an entirely new, unheard of, economic system, printed it out (a HUGE stack of papers they nicknamed the brick, for obvious reasons) and handed it to Pinochet, thinking it was a joke. BUT PINOCHET HIRED THEM AND IMPLEMENTED THE BRICK (The Guardian, El Ladrillo).
And that’s how Chile got her current economic system.
The end
Ok but not really the-end obviously because, what happened after?? We have almost 50 years of history since the ’73.
The new economic plan privatized everything blah blah blah, and after an initial financial crash in 1982, there were huge growths, little inflation, high investment, high exports. Buttttt inequality started increasing as well, an expected result that nobody (in government at least) was worried about because the other expected result of the new plan was that poverty would be eliminated and the inequality wouldn’t matter as much because the poorest people would hypothetically not be ‘that’ poor, and with privatized education, everybody would get educated, and often higher education rates equal less poverty (The Guardian).
My literature professor discussed something called aporofobia, a fear of poor people or poorness. This fear is written all over the neoliberal, Chicago Boy economic system in blinking red letters (Cortina, 2017).
The problem with theories written down on paper, is that they don’t always work out the same way in real life.
Turns out that today many of the middle class live in makeshift camps. They have jobs and their families make enough together to stay above the poverty line, but costs are so high that they are living meal to meal and companies like pharmacies intentionally don’t have locations in poorer parts of the city (which I think is complete bullshit, considering that in Centro you can see three pharmacies on a single side of a single block)(The Guardian).
Also, although privatization did raise the overall number of universities available in Chile, the government spends only 0.5 of GDP on them, costs have skyrocketed and so has the dropout rate. High school standardized tests are absurdly important and yet there is evidence that the wealthier you are the higher your scores are (The Guardian).
Turns out, Pinochet also had it out for labor rights, pensions and the health system. He made it very hard for workers to have any security or negotiation ability by making new types of temporary contracts that don’t have as many protections for workers and allow companies to pay workers less: today less than 3% of the Chilean work force have contracts that allow them to organize and negotiate with their employers (LatinoRebels.com).
Good that came of the movement so far?
Something that I’ve found really lovely about this whole process is that it has had some positive effects! Some people report that it brings communities together (I can honestly say that my house got closer through the shared experiences). Some people are taking back public spaces, others were working together to keep their neighbors safe or have started carpools (Aljazeera.com).
And of course you have a million different social/political groups getting together and marching and planning and sharing ideas. The current movement has called forth a lot of other movements, as seen in graffiti. I’ve seen a lot of spray paint about pro-choice, animal rights, veganism, women’s rights, LGBT+ awareness, and indigenous awareness.
A lovely form of response to the movement was artistic. For example, Ana Tijoux and many other musical artists responded within days by creating new songs and music videos in support of Chile’s protesters (Barros 2019). I’m a fan of Tijoux’s song Cacerolazo which involves her fans’ videos and pictures of the protests. My literature professor talked about something he called biopoesia, an artistic counter to biopolitics, and I think this a similar idea because the governmental decision to raise the metro fair endangered peoples’ health in that maybe they couldn’t afford as much food if they wanted to be able to take the metro to work still (Marks, 2006). And of course, all of the other governmental actions (or lack of action) that people were protesting agains, such as poor health care, that are even more heavily under the umbrella term ‘biopolitics’ (Salinas, 2015).
My Chilean friend Maca said about the feminist and #MeToo movement involvement in Chile: “ahora con la contingencia y el movimiento feminista muchas personas han empezado a “funar“ machitos y abusadores y sus experiencias con estos y desde ayer que he visto a muchas personas que conozco de mi colegio siendo funadas por otras personas que conozco de mi colegio y estoy completamente en shock”.
My friend Rita, who I asked for an opinion on the movement because she is a very active feminist and I really value her take on political and social situations, described the movement in Chile, saying: “The protests seem to be pretty heavily rooted in like a Democratic socialist thing…they are looking for…[a] new constitution, more money for public eduction, public health, etc…which is pretty liberal…[and] goes hand in hand with animal rights activism, LGBT, etc beliefs….And this protest seems to me to fight also agains US involvement, it’s a de-colonial movement”
I asked my friend Dalyha for her views on the social movement because I know she studies political science: “The Mapuche people are giving motivation and support to the Chileans…[they]’ve been fighting for 400+ years and you shouldn’t get tired of [protesting if] you want things to change. LGBTQ and the feminist movement…want to be treated equally…they want men that assault [or] are accused of sexual violence to be held accountable. Due to the legal system here and the institutional hierarchies (like professors with tenure) they can continue teaching with little to no repercussion. They want to be safe wearing what they want and not be sexualized , show their breasts and that be okay and not a reason to be judged [or] a victim of sexual violence for it. Same for those who are supporting abortion….Women should be allowed to choose what is best for them and not the government full of men and a machista latin American bias and belief system, deciding what is “best for them”. Like all of Chile, they’re fighting against a representative government, against the idea that the political elite ‘know’ and decide ‘what’s best for them.'”
Indigenous people of Chile, largely the Mapuche people, are definitely a big part of this fight for recognition by the Chilean people. Interestingly, this fight by indigenous people has a long history, since the arrival of the conquistadores and European colonists in the 1400’s. Early on it was a fight to remain free, today it is a fight to become free again from ‘colonial rule’ (Rivera, 2010; Zapata, 2008). Efforts by modern indigenous groups to decolonize the places they live can be seen in the waving of Mapuche flags at Chilean marches.
Looking Forward
And Chile isn’t done yet!! People are still protesting, although at much smaller scales. Just tonight (this morning?) I could hear gunshots and helicopters and sirens just down the street from me.
My prof told me that currently a lot of socio-political groups are gathering and talking, for the most part off the street, and trying to figure out what they want their futures to look like. Some of them are holding topic specific strikes and walk out, such as the transportation sector strikes and the women’s marches that we’ve been seeing notices for. Others are trying to figure out how they can get their agenda noticed by the president so that they can be involved in the constitutional process.
That same prof basically told me that the coming year for Chile is going to be really hard. Next time in about October they will hold a vote seeking to see the citizens’ opinions on changing the constitution. She says they might make it an obligatory vote, and that itself challenges. What if a huge number of people abstain (vote, but leave it blank)? What if people decide they don’t want change? Or that they do???
Thanks soooo much for reading haha. This was a bit of an undertaking that involved ten’s if not hundred’s of tabs (articles in English and Spanish, academic articles from my professor so that I could make this my final project, more than 5 peoples’ photos and stories). What an educational adventure!
If you believe that I missed something important or that I have incorrect information, or even if you just want to share your own story, please let me know in the comments below!!
If you liked what you read, please follow my page or add yourself to the email list 🙂
Your’s truly,
Kirsten
Just a girl and a backpack
Bibliography provided by my professor
- Some of the comments in this text come from discussions lead by Professor Damaso Rabanal in the class Literatura Chilena Reciente y Derechos Humanos: Voces y Comunidades.
- Barros Cruz, M.J. (2019). “Cacerolazo”, de Ana Tijoux: activistas tejiendo nuevas solidaridades entre la música y la calle. El Desconcierto. https://www.eldesconcierto.cl/2019/10/29/cacerolazo-de-ana-tijoux-activistas-tejiendo-nuevas-solidaridades-entre-la-musica-y-la-calle/
- Cortina, A. (2017). APOROFOBIA, THE REJECTION TO THE POOR: A CHALLENGE FOR THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY. Recuperado de http://webcurso.uc.cl/access/content/group/let302e-1-22-2019/Unidad%201%3A%20Derechos%20Humanos%20en%20LA%20y%20Chile/Clase%20N%C2%B01/Aporofobia%20_intro_.pdf
- Hall, du Gay. (1996). Cuestiones de identidad cultural. Recuperado de http://webcurso.uc.cl/access/content/group/let302e-1-22 -2019/Otras%20lecturas%20complementarias/Hall%2C%20du%20Gay%2C%20Cuestiones%20de%20identidad%20cultural.pdf
- Marks, J. (2006). Biopolitics. Theory, Culture & Society, 23(2-3), 333-335. Recuperado de https://journals-sagepub-com.pucdechile.idm.oclc.org/doi/pdf/10.1177/0263276406023002152
- Rivera Cusicanqui, S. (2010). Ch’ixinakax utxiwa : una reflexión sobre prácticas y discursos descolonizadores. Política Latinoamericana. Recuperado de http://webcurso.uc.cl/access/content/group/let302e-1-22-2019/Otras%20lecturas%20complementarias/Ch_ixinakax%20utxiwa.%20Pr%C3%A1cticas%20y%20discursos%20decolonizadores%20de%20Silvia%20Rivera%20Cusicanqui.pdf
- Salinas Araya, A. (2015). Biopolítica. Sinopsis de un concepto. Revista de filosofía, Vol. 6 N° 2. pp. 101-137. Recuperado de http://webcurso.uc.cl/access/content/group/let302e-1-22-2019/Unidad%203%3A%20Comunidad/Clase%20N%C2%B07/Biopolitica.%20Sinopsis%20de%20un%20concepto%20de%20Ad%C3%A1n%20Salinas.pdf
- Schmucler, H. (2007). La memoria como ética. [Blog]. Recuperado de http://webcurso.uc.cl/access/content/group/let302e-1-22-2019/Unidad%201%3A%20Derechos%20Humanos%20en%20LA%20y%20Chile/Clase%20N%C2%B03/La%20memoria%20como%20%C3%A9tica%20H%C3%A9ctor%20Schmucler.pdf
- Taleva Salvat, O. (2004). Derechos humanos (2a. ed.). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Valletta Ediciones. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bibliotecascsp/reader.action?docID=3184273
- Zapata Silva, C. (2008). Los intelectuales indígenas y el pensamiento anticolonialista. Discursos/prácticas, Nº 2 Sem. 1, 113 – 140. http://webcurso.uc.cl/access/content/group/ihi0211-1-22-2019/CONTROL%201/Zapata_intelectuales%20pensamiento.pdf
Other Bibliography (these should all also be noted by the information in the text that they are related to)
- https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/19/world/americas/chile-protests-emergency.html
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-protests-metro/chile-shuts-down-capital-city-metro-as-violent-protests-spread-idUSKBN1WX2DV?fbclid=IwAR0oWCje0tXIl7KfhKIH6Z6Mj_rEae6-vYQXhApje1Do41X44oiaMmWMkLo
- https://www.cnnchile.com/pais/protestas-metro-santiago-evasiones_20191018/?fbclid=IwAR3nRUEFbRNO8KjEeIXt7E5c0KxuTvb7Y_48QSNMBiKWBy1qkAKhCIjNAWE
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-19/chile-government-declares-state-of-emergency-amid-subway-riots?fbclid=IwAR3M65bayeXshth4TKHXH9FtnchZOTAkPbQibDE0VN9M4psMZgbAxOOIxRE
- https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/manifestaciones/catorce-claves-para-entender-la-crisis-social-en-chile/2019-10-20/060720.html
- https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-10-23/chile-s-protests-aren-t-like-other-latin-american-protests?fbclid=IwAR3PeXlzwe-hAF7hYea2wqCEY3Pk8nk3tAh7sD5GCz3tSB4NMFaVhfAmS0c
- https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/23/americas/chile-pinera-apology-unrest-intl-hnk/index.html?fbclid=IwAR21b8FYFZVT-sR-Jc9DskjwXFLx_G-TearVES8bJQCVp-MZ5xlWOTXhVOE
- https://apnews.com/61380cb74224483d9ebf91081dcabbb7
- https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/26/world/chile-unrest-president-ministers-resign/index.html?fbclid=IwAR0gPqrsx2_CYklIMplLjK4sLin_i3zhrzzSblWLse-EleF82m5XWDwra2Q
- https://www.ft.com/content/ba98ffce-f804-11e9-a354-36acbbb0d9b6
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/chile-hundreds-shot-and-beaten-street-protests
- https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/10/chile-protests-against-president-pinera-and-deep-inequality.html
- https://www.npr.org/2019/10/31/774862059/as-protests-persist-chiles-president-cancels-two-major-international-summits?fbclid=IwAR3M65bayeXshth4TKHXH9FtnchZOTAkPbQibDE0VN9M4psMZgbAxOOIxRE
- https://time.com/5718241/protests-chile-resume-economy/?fbclid=IwAR28xEtt85ZrWKF6kIORm_5OcboHZWeLgMRv2NpPmDy7G8S8zOQoj3DftA8
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/chileans-reclaiming-public-areas-rebuilding-unrest-191113152501145.html?fbclid=IwAR1kgNdNpsPkP0H_zsxSjpGD3xi-x1ZhuUQaPmCBJ0g-SCP5yYfTQUthdM4
- https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/13/why-is-inequality-booming-in-chile-blame-the-chicago-boys?fbclid=IwAR1v3HsF9E8XZ9_VY-VnIefkLArLChfm6wF1vXUh4J4kK6wAc_QyEtyj1-c
- https://www.latinorebels.com/2019/11/19/chilespoliticalcrisispinochet/
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/23/chile-protests-sebastian-pinera-apology-reform
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVaTuVNN7Zs
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Kirsten is an enthusiastic, bilingual naturalist with 11+ years of experience as a non-formal environmental educator, 6+ years as an outdoor recreation guide, 6+ years as a content writer, and 13+ years as an eco-friendly horticulturist and landscaper. She has designed and maintained 2 websites dedicated to public-facing environmental and outdoor education information for community consumption. Successfully taught 5 online, multi-week zoom workshop series to 5-10 regular participants on an international scale.
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